The Prioritization of Human Health, Development and Self-Activity in Chavez-era Venezuela
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The Prioritization of Human Health, Development and Self-Activity in Chavez-era Venezuela

The beginnings of two important programs of the Bolivarian Revolution, led by Hugo Chávez, are discussed: one, the missions, a new form of social services created to bypass recalcitrant bureaucrats and enable people’s participation; and two, the commune, to enable people to organize at the grassroots level.

Do Trees Have Consciousness?
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Do Trees Have Consciousness?

Underlying forest management planning and decisions are considerations about what a forest really is. What are trees? Can they be reasonably considered to have consciousness? If there is any possibility trees have consciousness of any sort, then it brings up questions about what is justifiable to do to them in our efforts to “manage” forests.