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Why Kashmir Seems to be Moving Towards Anarchy

Ashok Kumar Pandey

The recent killing of Kashmiri Pandit Rahul Bhat, a government employee and Budgam resident, has stirred the valley all over again. Some other members of his community were killed in the recent past, but his murder has a significance that must be understood in its context. Bhat was among the Kashmiri Pandits who have recently returned to Kashmir after being promised government jobs under the Prime Minister’s special package, a scheme former prime minister Manmohan Singh had launched.

The Prime Minister’s package offers government jobs and a safe residential facility in transit camps to returning Kashmiri Pandits. Rahul lived in one such camp—a walled residential apartment almost segregated from other localities—not very far from Srinagar. So far, its inhabitants were living peacefully. However, their return to the valley did not seem very permanent, as most of them still maintain permanent residences at Jammu. The residents’ interactions with locals are limited, and they also prefer to work on weekdays and return to Jammu on breaks.

That said, except for a few skirmishes, these Kashmiri Pandits were generally safe. Indeed, village panchayat members and other elected representatives have also been attacked or killed in the valley, but those are attributed to the stand of militants against the constitutional processes—elected representatives of the majority community were also shot dead by militants. Still, Bhat and Makhanlal Bindroo, a well-known chemist in Srinagar, certainly were victims of targeted attacks against Kashmiri Pandits. There are pertinent questions to raise here, for these developments hold some dangerous indications.

Clueless Administration: New Reality of Kashmir

Former RAW chief AS Dulat was in Kashmir during the nineties. He was one of the most critical members of former prime minister, late Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s, Kashmir team. His book, Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years, provides a first-hand account of the early nineties and the negotiations of the regime regarding the Kashmir issue, both public and behind the scenes. In a 19 May interview with senior journalist Karan Thapar and published in The Wire platform, Dulat said that an independent “terror cell” in Srinagar is behind the rising number of militant attacks in the valley. He said the administration has no idea of who or where the members of this cell are. He said it is linked to Pakistan, and its work is far more ‘professional’ than any other attacks seen since 2019.

Pakistan has supported militancy in Kashmir since the nineties with training, arms and financial support. A clueless administration is also not new for Kashmir: It was caught unawares even during the advent of terrorism. But more factors should be considered when discussing the situation of the valley since 2019. We must also understand Dulat’s other claim, that “Kashmir is experiencing the most dangerous terrorism since August 2019”, to back which he cites the growing number of “over-ground workers connected to militant groups” and those “sympathetic to militant groups”.

In August 2019, the central government scrapped Article 370 of the Constitution and ordered mass detentions of not just whom it considered militant sympathisers but also almost the entire leadership of Kashmir. This included leaders such as Farooq Abdullah, Omar Abdullah, Mehbooba Mufti and Saifuddin Soz, who were always constitutionalists and loyal to the Indian flag, who had contested and won elections, and have a considerable following in the valley despite being labelled as “Indian stooges” by the semi-loyalists and militants. Their popularity is evident from their success in the BDC elections held last year. Their lengthy detentions after 5 August 2019, followed by abusive ostracisation by senior members of the ruling dispensation and its troll army, has reduced their stature in the valley, thereby effectively diminishing the scope and support for constitutional politics.

Coupled with the communal atmosphere created around the country, the lynchings and slander campaigns against the minority by the mainstream media have worsened the communally-charged atmosphere. It has created a situation where, as Dulat said, an organisation like “Jamaat has spread right through the administration, including the police”.

Thus, the BJP government’s tall claims of bringing peace and development while scrapping Art. 370 have fallen flat. And their attempts to stoke a frenzy in the rest of India have found enormous success. This success has induced a contrarian reaction in the valley, and that is responsible for the new phase of violent anarchy.

Fault-lines of Kashmir Files and Delimitation Politics

The Kashmir Files is the first movie that was not just promoted by Hindu right-wing organisations but by the Prime Minister and Home Minister too. Set against the backdrop of the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits, it claims to portray ‘untold truths’ of the period. The director’s declared agenda was to vilify Kashmiri Muslims in particular and the Muslim community. Indeed, Vivek Agnihotri’s film turned cinema halls into battlegrounds. Videos of derogatory slogan-mongering in theatres during screenings shrouded social media platforms for weeks.

Sanjay Tikku, who heads the well-known Kashmiri Pandit Sangharsh Samiti (KPSS), which represents the interests of Kashmiri Pandits in the valley, blamed the movie for the drastic events that followed. (Former Jammu and Kashmir chief minister Omar Abdullah echoed this sentiment.) In brief, the film fits with the agenda of the Hindutva ideological dispensation to use India’s only Muslim-dominated state to consolidate Hindu votes in the rest of India.

Riding on its successes is the Hindutva right’s larger plan to change the demographic composition of the valley. We can see a parallel in the model in Pakistan’s northern area (Gilgit and Baltistan), which has been converted into a Punjabi Sunni-dominated region, reducing its erstwhile Shia majority to a minority. In Kashmir, declarations like the plan to construct 50,000 temples have been supplemented with an attempt to fill important civil posts with non-Muslims. As Dulat said, “migrant Pandits are getting government jobs, especially in departments that are important for demographic changes”.

There are also attempts to launch divisive projects in the guise of addressing the grievances of migrant Kashmiri Pandits. For example, the new web portal to settle their property-related concerns in the valley. The portal does away with the requirement to file written complaints about surveys or measurements of migrant’s properties, which has sown more doubts in the minds of Kashmiris and made it easier for anti-India elements to incite young minds into violence.

Delimitation further aggravated tensions in the valley and confirmed apprehensions that the central government wants Jammu to dominate over Kashmir in the Assembly. The erstwhile state always had a Muslim head of state, and its politics were valley-centric. Except for Ghulam Nabi Azad, all other chief ministers belonged to the valley. This is but natural, since the valley has the highest population of the three regions, including Ladakh. However, the RSS and BJP have a support base in the Jammu region, which has the largest geographical area. For this reason, contrived allegations of Muslim appeasement and over-representation of the valley are long-standing ploys of the RSS-BJP in Kashmir.

Now, the new delimitation proposals have ignored that the valley has a higher population and increased the number of Assembly seats in the Jammu region based on its geographical extent. This is against the traditional practice everywhere in India. For instance, geographically bigger Madhya Pradesh has fewer Assembly seats than Uttar Pradesh, which is more populous.

The resentment in the valley, the recent rise in terrorist activities and the targeted killings of Pandits portend frightening prospects, but the local and central governments, filled with over-confidence in their electoral majority and a self-image built on a communal understanding of nation-building, are unfortunately in permanent denial mode.

Pawns Turn Rebels

Attacks against Pandits have always tended to create greater support for the BJP. The killings of Pandits also always captures space in the mainstream media debates. Social media buzzes with hate after each such incident. Pakistan and Muslims are blamed in ever-louder voices, and campaigns are run to escalate the effect of this shrill rhetoric. Kashmiri Pandit organisations are naturally supportive of these campaigns, and many also willingly contribute to them.

The BJP tried to emulate such old practices soon after Bhat’s killing and organised protests against Pakistan. However, it could not garner any support from Kashmiri Pandits in or outside the Valley. Instead, multiple videos of Kashmiri Pandits protesting against the Union Territory administration circulated in cyberspace. In one video, the wife of a slain Kashmiri Pandit blamed the Lieutenant-Governor (L-G) of Jammu and Kashmir, Manoj Sinha and the Home Minister of India. So, a new feature of these protests was the initial support of local Muslims. The protesters demanded justice, but not only for Rahul Bhat, for slain SPO Riyaz Bhat, a Muslim Kashmiri, too. These are unique developments in the valley and vigorously challenge the communal agenda of the Right-Wing. On day one, the protest became so boisterous that the administration resorted to the means it knows best—firing tear-gas, lathi-charge, and ultimately, the Pandits were locked up inside their camps. Over 350 Kashmiri Pandit government employees in the valley resigned to Lieutenant-Governor Manoj Sinha after Bhat’s murder, claiming they did not feel safe there. The Pandits are also shocked the L-G did not visit them in their camps.

The protests of Kashmiri Pandits against the administration were unexpected for the government. The media chose to avoid reporting on it, as it did last year when resident Kashmiri Pandits were on a prolonged hunger strike. Online trolls dug into the social media profiles of Rahul Bhat, and, to their extreme dismay, found he had protested against the killing of Rohingya people! A non-communal Kashmiri Pandit is the worst nightmare for right-wingers, and they set about to ridicule his death. However, it did not create a favourable perception and was ultimately ignored.

But the protest of the Kashmiri Pandits is still on. The KPSS is in the lead, and Sanjay Tikku has deplored the scrapping of Art. 370 and condemned the communal agenda of The Kashmir Files. He accused the film and subsequent hate-mongering as instrumental in the deteriorating atmosphere in the valley. He also appealed to the valley’s majority community to support their protest. He expressed the fear that these developments would hamper any prospects for the Kashmiri Pandits to return to live in the valley. Not just that, they would compel even resident Pandits to leave. He said the only way out is to begin a dialogue with all stakeholders in Kashmir.

What Could Happen Next?

A prominent Kashmiri Pandit has said that communal politics and the escalation of violence against the Muslims in other parts of India are bound to get “reciprocated” in the valley. Social media and satellite TV channels have connected the valley with all of India and the world so that every incident reaches mobiles and ignites a reaction. The way Kashmir is being used for communal politics beyond the valley already has an evident negative impact on the valley. The Pandits have long been used as pawns in right-wing propaganda. The pain of their exodus created a lasting impression on their minds and self-image, in which Muslims appear as the obvious villains. The gap between the two communities has widened with time.

All this has proved beneficial to the BJP, which immediately blames chief ministers for any mishap in Kashmir. Their lust for political space in the erstwhile state has turned the situation upside down. Art. 370 has been read down, and the state was reduced to a Union Territory. Today, the BJP occupies absolute power in Jammu and Kashmir, several States and at the Center. So the residents of Jammu and Kashmir have no one to take their misgivings to except the BJP-run apparatus. Yet the initial euphoria is waning rapidly. The Pandits were promised the moon—return and safety in the valley—without sufficient funds or a viable roadmap. It has created disquiet among those Pandits who still have stakes in the valley. Recently, a video in which a Panun Kashmir leader is critical of the Home Minister and the government went viral. Panun Kashmir is an organisation of migrant Pandits that has always supported the BJP. Many Kashmiri Pandits condemned the government after Bhat’s recent killing and raised questions about the director of The Kashmir Files.

Remember that those Pandits who returned to the valley under the Prime Minister’s Package have spent some time in Kashmir. They have been in contact with the local Kashmiri Muslim community and gained first-hand experience of the ground realities. They will not casually accept the official version—and this is what their ongoing protest proves.

Oblivious to the intricacy of Kashmiri society and its long history of co-existence, the present regime is not ready to accept reality and change its tactics. Their training in the shakha system and ‘bauddhik’ sessions of the RSS has handicapped their understanding of democratic co-existence within complex social structures. Their unconditional support to the capitalist class is ruining the socio-economic achievements of the past. The rupee is at its lowest, and there are war cries at the Gyanvapi and Mathura mosques, both being utilised for media management. The optics and high-decibel drama are bound to be short-lived and fail to control the economy’s down-slide. The warning is on the wall: the disastrous repercussions of this “strategy” in Kashmir can potentially throw it into another blood-curdling violent spell.

(Ashok Kumar Pandey is the author of several books and a political commentator. Courtesy: Newsclick.)

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Yasin Malik Could Have Been the Muivah of Kashmir

Sandeep Pandey

The judgement of Supreme Court releasing A.G. Perarivalan, convicted in the case of Rajiv Gandhi’s assassination, has been widely hailed as upholding the human rights of prisoners. Yet, Yasin Malik, Kashmiri separatist leader, has been given two life terms and there is hardly any debate on him. At the same time Government of India is engaged in a dialogue with leaders of National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) trying to find a political solution to Naga problem. Nagaland had attracted Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act much before it was used in Jammu and Kashmir, both on account of being disturbed areas.

Yasin Malik, the leader of Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, was a militant till 1994, after which he decided to give up violence and espoused Gandhian philosophy. Along with Syed Ali Shah Geelani, Mirwaiz Omar Farooq, Shabir Shah, Yasin Malik comprised the most credible Kashmiri separatist leadership, who certainly had more following than the mainstream Kashmiri political leadership. Among the separatist leaders he was the most probable to have come around to work with the Government of India to find a political solution to the Kashmir problem. That is likely the reason why various Indian Prime Ministers engaged with him, just like they engaged with the NSCN (IM) leadership. How many Kashmiri separatist leaders do we know who publicly turned Gandhian after pursuing a path of militancy? It was Government of India’s failure that they could not keep Yasin Malik engaged like they have done with NSCN (IM) leadership and allowed him to drift out of its orbit.

The NSCN (IM) entered into a cease fire agreement with Government of India in 1997. Nagaland has witnessed the longest running insurgency movement in south and southeast Asia. All allegations that have been made against Yasin Malik – seeking foreign funding for fomenting trouble in India, striking at the heart of the idea of India , intending to forcefully secede from Union of India – can be leveled against Naga leadership too if the Government of India chooses to do so. But the Government treats Naga leadership with respect. In 2015 it entered into a Framework Agreement in the presence of Narendra Modi ‘…respecting people’s wishes for sharing the sovereign power…’ hoping for ‘…an enduring inclusive new relationship of peaceful co-existence of the two entities.’

Why are the people’s wishes in Kashmir being trampled upon by the Government of India? It doesn’t even seem to recognize that there is any entity other than itself that it should talk to in order to resolve the problem of Kashmir just like it seems to be doing in Nagaland.

By abrogating Article 370 and 35A the government of India took away the separate flag and Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. But it is currently negotiating with NSCN (IM) on the demand of a separate flag and Constitution, Yehzabo, without which the Naga leadership says there can be no political solution. The common Naga sentiment supports this idea. The Government of India has come around to accepting the Naga flag as a cultural flag. But the Nagas insist that it is their political flag.

Why is the government of India treating Kashmir as a shut case and at the same time being flexible and exploring possibilities with Naga leadership?

While it is appreciable that it is willing to hear people’s voice in Nagaland, it is regrettable that it is not even willing to recognize the mainstream political leadership in J&K. It is not clear how it hopes to achieve anything by ignoring Abdullahs and Mehbooba Mufti on one hand and trying to make a terrorist out of a separatist leader like Yasin Malik. How can any political solution be arrived at without engaging the political leadership, mainstream or otherwise, in J&K?

Yasin Malik too has human rights like A.G. Perarivalan and deserves to be treated with the same respect as Thuingaleng Muivah, incidentally the Ato Kilonser or Prime Minister of the parallel government run by NSCN (IM) in Nagaland called the Government of the People’s Republic of Nagalim. Just as the Government of India sees hope in resolving Naga political issue by engaging in dialogue with NSCN (IM) leadership it should rethink its strategy in J&K and engage the leadership there to resolve the political problem of J&K.

Yasin Malik, an avowed Gandhian, is a hope for people of J&K as well as India. When Nelson Mandela was sent to jail in South Africa he was considered a militant. He was the founder of militant wing of African National Congress, uMkhonto we Sizwe, but later became a pacifist. He formed Truth and Reconciliation Commission to grant amnesties to people who committed crimes during the apartheid rule. It was because of him that a peaceful transition of power could take place from the apartheid era to the first representative government of South Africa.

Yasin Malik’s case should be treated sympathetically as he has pleaded guilty, which is very unusual. This shows that his commitment to Gandhian values is intact. Yasin Malik was not a separatist to begin with. It was his bitter experience in the 1987 rigged elections when he was polling agent for who later became Syed Salahuddin, that Yasin Malik turned a separatist. In 2007 he took out a padyatra ‘Safar-e-Azadi’ to mobilize a signature campaign on the demand of involving people of J&K in the dialogue process to resolve the Kashmir issue. The Government of India needs to be creative and explore the possibility of Yasin Malik playing a larger role in resolving the Kashmir issue rather than treating him like any other terrorist.

[Sandeep Pandey is General Secretary of Socialist Party (India).]