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How Stigma, Lack of Awareness Endanger Women Seeking Abortions

When 34-year-old Kruti realised she was pregnant early in January 2024, she was embarrassed. Kruti lives in Delhi with four children – the oldest is 12 years old and the youngest is six. She felt that she would be mocked and that she had to arrange for an abortion herself.

So Kruti went to the government-run Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital in North West Delhi. “When I met the doctor and told her I wanted an abortion, she shouted at me: ‘How many kids will you produce? Don’t you ever think about the future?’ Badtameezi se baat karte hai – they speak very rudely,” said Kruti, whose name has been changed to protect her privacy. Her voice trailed off as she could not bear to mention everything the doctor said.

Kruti said she was given a run-around in the busy, crowded hospital for four days over a couple of weeks. She spent days undergoing blood tests, an ultrasound test and collecting the reports, for which she came to the hospital several times. It was difficult to leave her young children alone at home and come to the hospital constantly.

She was already two-and-a-half months pregnant and felt that she was running out of time. “Not once did I get an assurance from the doctor that I will get an abortion,” Kruti said.

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 2021 allows abortion up to 20 weeks of pregnancy for most women – that is about five months – and till 24 weeks of pregnancy for certain categories of women such as those whose marital status has changed, rape victims, disabled women, or minors, among a few others.

This correspondent heard stories of denial of services, active discouragement, or prohibitively steep abortion fees from women and stakeholders from four states: Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan. It results in women going from doctor to doctor.

Conversations about abortion in the public sphere, especially in the Supreme Court, miss the nuances of what women go through while looking for abortion services – often placing the responsibility squarely on the women for seeking “late abortion”. In one of the cases of “later abortion of 26 weeks of pregnancy”, the former Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud asked what the major, married woman who already had two children was doing for 26 weeks.

We spoke briefly to Vandana Bagga, Director of Delhi government’s Directorate of Family Welfare, who said that there are regular training sessions with both public and private doctors about respectful maternal care and comprehensive abortion care, and that the government has a “no refusal” policy for any service.

Kruti’s experience compelled her to seek private doctors. But her husband found out that it would cost them at least Rs 15,000, which was unaffordable for them. Then she contacted Gayatri, an accredited social health activist – or ASHA worker – in her area who took her to Parivar Seva Sanstha clinic in Rohini.

Parivar Seva Sanstha is a non-profit which provides safe reproductive health services at affordable cost. It includes abortion, contraception, as well as sterilisation services. Organisations such as Parivar Seva Sangh have also roped in ASHA workers to tell the community about their facilities.

Kruti got her abortion towards the end of February and got a sterilisation surgery done in the same clinic in March.

Respectful, non-judgemental abortion care

As per the Comprehensive Abortion Care Training and Service guidelines, service providers are advised to counsel the women seeking abortion while maintaining their privacy and confidentiality, and being respectful and non judgemental. It says that doctors should assure these women that they will not be refused abortion services.

However, multiple visits to the hospital act as a deterrent for the woman seeking abortion. It does not inspire confidence that they can get abortion done. Gayatri, the Delhi ASHA worker, said that women have to go through several rounds to these hospitals, which only very poor women endure. Gayatri said that she has seen doctors and other staff in public hospitals hurl the choicest abuses at women seeking abortion.

“I have seen the hospital staff slapping these women and asking, ‘You were having fun at the time, now why do you have pain while we place an instrument inside you?’ I have seen even sweepers talk like this to women. The women [seeking abortion] are so helpless as they do not have money,” said Gayatri.

She has herself undergone abortion at Parivar Seva Sanstha more than a decade ago. Even though she is an ASHA worker with some understanding of how public hospitals function, she said she would not dream of going for abortion in one.

“I cannot even think about going to a public hospital for abortion. Ek roti kam kha lungi par waha nahi karvaungi,” said Gayatri. I will eat less to save money for private care but will not get the procedure there.

This reporter reached out to a senior gynaecologist from Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital. She did not want to be on the record, but answered my queries. The gynaecologist said that the biggest problem in the hospital is that there is a severe shortage of doctors, and the patient burden is very high: Doctors perform about 50-60 deliveries per day. She said, “Being a government hospital has its limitations.” She explained that since abortion is not an “emergency procedure” (unless a woman has post-abortion complications of heavy bleeding) they may have deferred abortion in some cases due to heavy workload. She admitted that staff may lack “soft skills”, owing to the heavy case burden.

Soft skills in medicine refers to an ability to communicate with patients in respectful, non-threatening, non-judgemental, empathetic manner. The doctor said that the fact that each doctor in her hospital is attending to nearly 300 patients per day, makes it difficult to give enough time to each patient.

Abortion is legal, but awareness is low

When Saraswati Sahu wanted to get an abortion around 2003, she did not dare to go to a hospital for it.

“I used to think abortion is illegal. That is why I was secretly taking abortion pills from chemists,” said Sahu, who is a leader with Chhattisgarh Mahila Mukti Morcha that works for the rights of women workers. One major reason why she felt abortions are illegal is because of the bombardment of advertisements and posters related to brun hatya (foeticide) being a sin. She had two girls, and felt that she would be particularly accused for sex selection if she went through an abortion at a public health insitution.

Sahu, who is 40 years old now, took abortion pills four times, before her husband underwent sterilisation procedure in 2017.

“People still think abortion is illegal. And that it’s a sin. People are living in this confusion. The government also does not publicise about abortion – that women can seek abortion legally,” Sahu said.

Studies conducted in Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Madhya Pradesh show that less than 40% of women are aware about abortion and its legality.

Social conservatism about abortion

Considering that stigma is a barrier for abortion, Ipas Development Foundation conducted a survey exploring opinions and attitudes about abortion. The survey, released in September 2024, showed that while a majority (approximately 70%) of 13,000 respondents supported abortion, the support dipped when it came to unmarried women, especially among young people between 18-24 years to 61%. Only 29% of people felt that women should have bodily autonomy.

A member of Ipas said that did not expect that young people would be less liberal than older people.

“People (as per the survey) are saying we want abortion only if the men or the doctors decide, but not women. And interestingly, in India, law allows women to make the decision, but society doesn’t seem to be ready to let women make the decisions,” said the Ipas member.

Sahu said that the government has little incentive to provide abortions, as they will be a greater burden on their public health system and that is why the health systems hold back on offering women more freedoms.

“If women come for abortion openly, there will be crowds in the government hospitals. If abortion is available freely then women will know that they can have sex freely. In a caste society, women will remain oppressed and subjugated. It is about controlling the freedom of women,” said Sahu.

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Why Indian Women Struggle to Get Even a Legal Abortion

As a girl growing up in small-town Uttar Pradesh, Pooja wanted to “get ahead in life”. She wanted to be a working woman, earn a comfortable living, and get out of the confines of her village. But her marriage soon after graduation–when she was just 21–paused her plans.

Pooja, whose name has been changed to protect her privacy, lives in Azamgarh’s Atraulia block and has two sons, aged seven and 12 years. “I was stuck taking care of two children,” she said. But she managed to study further and finished her Bachelors in Education while her second son was a baby. Now, after working all day, she studies at night for government competitive exams for teacher jobs.

When she found that she was pregnant in December 2023, she was shocked. She always tracks her periods, and uses condoms. This put a break on her career plans.

The Atraulia community health centre (CHC) and the Sau Saiya, a 100-bedded government hospital, are the two closest public health facilities near Atraulia. There were no gynaecologists in the CHC, at the time we visited in May 2024. One ayurvedic doctor was providing services to women in the hospital. Pooja, and many other women in this area cannot not afford the only legal private clinic for abortion, which reportedly charges about Rs 15,000. At the time of writing, the CHC still does not have a gynaecologist, said Rajdev Chaturvedi, who runs a nonprofit called Gramin Punarnirman Sansthan, a rights-based feminist organisation which works with women in the community, and one of the few organisations in India that works on abortion rights.

As per the Comprehensive Abortion Care guidelines published by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, women should get abortion care in primary health centres near their houses, but as our reporting shows, this is not the case in many parts of the country.

This lack of access has been documented over the years, even by the National Health Mission. Every year, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare organises Common Review Mission (CRM) in various states across the country to undertake a rapid assessment of various health programmes running under National Health Mission. In what appears to be the last published Common Review Mission report from 2022, it was found that abortion services were lacking in several states. In Goa at the time, no abortion pills were available in government primary healthcare facilities and no one had availed of abortion services in the government for a year.

As per the National Family Health Survey 2019-21, about 3% of pregnancies end up in abortions. The number is higher in urban areas, and among dominant caste groups. Also, the share of abortions among pregnancies increases with the rise in wealth.

In some areas, especially rural areas, even a gynaecologist is not available in the primary health facilities, resulting in people resorting to unsafe abortion services. Apart from Azamgarh, this correspondent went to some primary health centres of Pratapgarh and Udaipur districts in Rajasthan where abortion was not available, and women were referred to higher centres. Many women complained of being subject to indiginities.

“There are no full-time gynaecologists in government hospitals at a 50-km radius distance,” Chaturvedi said. “Women who seek abortion are discreet, and do not want to travel all the way to Azamgarh city. It would seem suspicious in a village if they come back home late at night. They cannot risk becoming the scandal of the village. As a result they go to jholachaaps (quacks) risking their own lives.”

Unsafe abortion is the third leading cause of maternal mortality in the country. Close to eight women die from causes related to unsafe abortion every day, said the State of World Population Report 2022 released by the United Nations Population Fund.

Seeking abortion pills over the counter

Pooja did what most women in this area do for abortion. She took medical abortion pills from a chemist from “medical hall”, a small area near the community health centre which has pharmacies, some qualified doctors, and some quacks. Three in four medication abortions done in India are outside of health facilities, as per a major six-state study published in the Lancet in 2018.

As a result of the stigma of abortion, and the unavailability of services, women resort to taking medical abortion pills on their own, with little or no supervision from registered healthcare providers. Data from the National Family Health Survey, 2019-21 show that two in three abortions are through this method, with a quarter of all women who have had abortions in the preceding five years saying the procedure was performed by “self”.

Abortion pills typically are a combination of drugs, mostly mifepristone followed by misoprostol. Under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, only registered medical practitioners trained to provide abortion can prescribe these pills. These abortion pills are easily available over the counter in many parts of the country, and are the most common way of conducting abortion.

Medical abortion pills are a “game-changer”, many doctors and people associated with access to abortion say. Before the early 2000s, septic abortions were common especially because of unsafe abortions. A septic abortion refers to infection that develops in and around the uterus during or after an abortion.

“Twenty years ago, every week I used to see four to five septic abortions, sometimes with intestines coming out of the uterine site,” said Seema Pandey, a well-known gynaecologist who runs Seema Hospital in Atraulia. “In the era of MTP kits (pills), we used to get some patients with excessive bleeding. But even those have reduced significantly now.” Unsafe abortions can result in puncturing of organs around the uterus like intestines.

Pandey added, “I think more women are taking it before they are two months pregnant, which increases the success rate. The chemists are also now more knowledgeable. Whenever I prescribe an MTP kit, I write instructions on the paper, which is circulated.”

In Pooja’s case, her husband went to the chemist who gave instructions, which were passed down to her. She bled a little, but continued to be pregnant. She then went to an Ayurveda doctor (not allowed to conduct abortion under the MTP laws) who gave her more pills. “I had pills for more than a month, but continued to remain pregnant. The doctor then told me that she will have to do a procedure and it would cost me Rs 5,000. I did not have that much money,” said Pooja.

Then, she went to the Sau Saiya near her house, “to save money”. When she was getting an ultrasound there, the doctor told her that the “child has a heartbeat” and that she cannot get an abortion. She returned home, crushed.

Incomplete abortions

Though most self-managed abortions often work without event–one multinational study showed 89% success without medical intervention–the cases where bleeding does not stop could get tricky, and even dangerous.

Reena Mittal, a senior medical officer at Pannadhay Zanana Hospital located inside the RN Medical College, Udaipur said that they treat women who have taken pills and bleed excessively or with incomplete abortions. In her ward, she attends to about three to four such patients per day. Many of these patients are tribal women who come from areas as far as Neemuch in Madhya Pradesh, about 130 km from Udaipur.

Some of these are ectopic pregnancies–that is, a pregnancy inside the fallopian tube, that cannot be terminated with the abortion pills and often needs surgical intervention. An ectopic pregnancy can rupture the fallopian tube, and can be fatal.

When 32-year-old Aradhana from Atraulia got pregnant in January 2024, she took abortion pills. Aradhana, whose name has been changed to protect her privacy, has two sons, aged nine and 12 years. She had undergone two abortions before their birth due to problems in her pregnancies. She said that her later pregnancies with her boys were also complicated, requiring a lot of care and expensive medicines. She was actively avoiding pregnancies–she said that condoms were her preferred method of contraception.

But she realised she was pregnant last January, and took abortion pills soon after. She started bleeding immediately, as expected. But her bleeding would not stop even after 15-20 days.

Medical abortion pills in India are approved up to nine weeks of pregnancy. They have to be given in different doses depending on the length of the pregnancy. So for women who are taking MTP pills after 12 weeks, it may not work.

“I hear from these women that their husbands get the MTP pills from the chemist. Only after the woman has bled 15-20 days do they come to the hospital,” said Mittal. “I get women who come with haemoglobin of one gram/decilitre (normal hemoglobin count is 12 gm/dl). I have seen them bleeding clots which are more than 200 grams.” She added that these are medical emergencies and have to be handled immediately, and often require blood transfusion.

This can be particularly difficult for those who are poor and do not have basic living facilities to clean themselves.

Vinoj Manning, the CEO of IPAS Development, said that there is a stigma attached even to going to a hospital for excessive bleeding after taking MTP pills. IPAS is an international nonprofit that works towards improving abortion care and access to abortion.

“When women go to a facility after having MTP pills for continued bleeding, there is a lot of bias. Health providers often say ‘why are you coming to us after taking the pills’, or imply that they deserve the pain. This makes it difficult for women undertaking self-care to go to a proper facility,” said Manning.

Denial of access

One major reason why facilities deny access is how abortion law is mixed up with the law against sex selection called Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 or PCPNDT Act, which prohibits sex selection.

In the last Census done in 2011, the all-India child sex ratio at birth was 914 girls for 1,000 boys, a drop from 927 a decade ago resulting in increased surveillance in some states. In a study published in 2015, the researchers interviewed 19 service providers in western Maharashtra, who admitted that they had been denying abortions to avoid the problems of paperwork and dealing with “exploitation” meted out by government health officers.

“While investigating the reasons behind the denial of abortion services, we understood that there was a conflation between the PCPNDT Act and MTP Act. This denial of services affects those from marginalised communities more than others,” said the co-author of the study, Pritam Potdar. Potdar is managing director with the non-profit Samyak Communication and Research Centre, based in Pune, Maharashtra. Samyak advocates for gender equality and human rights.

When this correspondent asked Shiv Kumar Yadav, the Atraulia block programme manager under the National Health Mission, about abortion services in the area, he said, “Abortion is illegal…sex selection is illegal. MTP ko zero maanke chalte hai (we do not or hardly perform MTP in this area).”

Potdar said that government employees have specific duties related to the PCPNDT Act. “Most will say they are not against abortion, but that their duty is to stop sex determination. There is no clarity about the two laws,” said Potdar.

At the Sau Saiya hospital, the chief medical supervisor S.K. Dhruv said, “With the PCPNDT Act, we cannot support people who do sex determination. We do not take the risk of providing abortion.”

Potdar said that Samyak did qualitative research (unpublished) with 12 women from rural areas who were seeking abortion in 2015, of which eight continued pregnancy after being denied abortion services. Only one woman went out of her way to her aunt in Mumbai and spent upwards of Rs 15,000 for the abortion.

Quacks providing abortion

Aradhana is an educated woman, and felt that she had to see someone about her bleeding soon. She then went to a woman who is well known in the area for providing abortion. But this woman is a ASHA sangini, or a trainer of accredited social health activists or ASHA workers, who runs a “clinic” with her husband. Both husband and wife have no medical degree or training for abortion.

“The ASHA sangini said I have to do a safaiya. I agreed,” said Aradhana. Safaiya–which translates as a cleaning out–basically refers to abortion evacuation procedure. The other words used colloquially are safai, dhulai, khali karvana, among others.

Aradhana said the ASHA sangini did a “procedure” and “prescribed” her some medicines. But the bleeding did not stop. By then, Aradhana had bled out for a whole month. Then the ASHA sangini asked Aradhana to get a sonography done, for which Aradhana travelled another 30 km to a nearby town.

“She saw the report and told me there was a piece of foetus left in the uterus. I told her, ‘Listen, I have already borne so much pain. And shed so much blood for a month. And I am still stuck.’ She called me again, and did the procedure,” said Aradhana

This time though, much to Aradhana’s surprise, the ASHA sangini insisted that her husband “doctor-saab” be present during the procedure. Despite Aradhana’s protestations that she did not want him around, the ASHA sangini insisted on his presence. She said that he needed to watch the procedure and “guide” her.

“She just made me lie on the cot, injected me and did the procedure. This time the pain was so much more than the first time. I do not think I have borne such pain in my life. I was almost unconscious. She dropped me near my house in her car,” said Aradhana.

The humiliation of undergoing this procedure in front of this woman’s husband still rankled Aradhana. She spent about Rs 8,000-10,000 for this procedure, taking some temporary loans from her sister.

This correspondent met the ASHA sangini, who denied having seen or treated any person who needed abortion. She did have a board outside her house/clinic, with her husband’s name with the honorific ‘Dr’. We also met a nurse who admitted that she conducted “dhulai” for women who needed it in five minutes.

“We need free abortion services at the public hospitals near us. I am too poor to afford this kind of treatment,” said Aradhana. The fact that she has no access to safe abortion made her so vulnerable and desperate that she has to suffer the indignity.

At around the same time, by February 2024, Pooja was about 2.5 months pregnant, still trying to get abortion. After feeling defeated for a few days, she decided to borrow Rs 5,000, and get her abortion procedure done.

“I was so relieved and happy. I started studying that night itself,” said Pooja. She did not clear the cut-off for a government teacher job by a few marks in December, and says she will continue trying.

(Note: These are the first two parts of a four part article. Courtesy: IndiaSpend, a non-profit online webportal that uses open data to inform public understanding on a range of issues, with the aim of fostering better governance and more transparency and accountability in governance.)