A spade must be called a spade. The biggest ally of the coronavirus today as it decimates mankind is the institution of capitalist property rights. The Economist estimates that the actual death-toll across the world from the virus so far is not three million as officially claimed but 10 million; and the virus is far from finished. The only way that its march can be checked is through universal vaccination of the entire population of the world. Everybody, including even the IMF, agrees on this; but if universal vaccination is to become a reality before the virus has killed millions more, then there has to be a massive increase in vaccine output. What stands in the way of such a massive increase in output is the intellectual property right of a few multinational drug companies which have largely used public money to develop the available vaccines but which have no qualms about clinging on to their monopoly positions to profiteer from human misery in the name of recouping the investment that they themselves scarcely made.
US President Joe Biden’s assent to a temporary waiver of patent rights on vaccines was a significant development; but unless there is general agreement on the issue at the WTO, such a waiver cannot come into being. And the capitalist governments of Europe are solidly behind their “own” multinationals in opposing such a waiver. It has been estimated that if the entire available production facility is utilised for producing vaccines without the encumbrance of patent rights, then 60 per cent of the world’s population could be vaccinated before the end of the current year which would effectively end the killing spree of the virus. But negotiations at the WTO where Germany and others are firmly opposed to a temporary waiver of patent rights, could themselves drag on for months, even until the end of the year. Boris Johnson, the British prime minister is planning to place before the forthcoming G-7 summit a proposal that the entire world should be vaccinated by the end of 2022. But even if G-7 agrees to it and the target is actually met, millions more would have died by then. The point is to save them now by abridging private intellectual property rights.
Many have talked of a “vaccine apartheid”, which refers to the fact that the bulk of vaccine production has been cornered by the advanced capitalist world until now, leaving very little for the third world. For instance, by the end of April, while 40 per cent of the US population and 20 per cent of EU’s had received at least one dose of the vaccine, the corresponding percentage for Africa was only two per cent. In India, to this date, only three per cent of the population has been fully vaccinated. The advanced countries have cornered for themselves, not just till now but even for the foreseeable future, the bulk of the vaccine production. They have placed advanced orders for these vaccines, not just for use but even for stockpiling.
This vaccine apartheid however has two distinct components, both attributable to metropolitan capitalism. One is the inadequacy of production because of patent-based monopoly restrictions, so that advanced countries can corner the bulk of it; this is attributable as we have seen to property rights. The second is the absence of fiscal support for vaccination programmes in the third world countries compared to the advanced capitalist countries. This dichotomy between the two sets has been apparent for quite some time: support for the population during the pandemic has claimed as much as 20 per cent of the government budget in many advanced countries compared to a bare two per cent or even less in most third world countries. The same dichotomy extends to subsidizing vaccination; as a result, the poor in the third world simply cannot afford to be injected with vaccines that are priced way beyond their reach.
Ironically, the same IMF which has come out in support of universal vaccination imposes fiscal austerity measures on third world governments as a conditionality for giving them loans or for re-negotiating their earlier-contracted loans. This second component contributing to the vaccine apartheid therefore is attributable to the hegemony of finance capital that is opposed to all government activism, except in its own interests. (In India of course it is not any IMF-imposed fiscal austerity that accounts for the government’s reluctance to provide free vaccines to all, but the utter bloody-mindedness of the Modi government).
It has been estimated that a programme of universal vaccination would cost no more than around $50 billion, a sum that can be easily provided by the advanced capitalist world and given as a non-repayable transfer to the third world; ironically however despite almost everyone repeating ad nauseam such truisms like “nobody is safe until everybody is safe”, no initiative for such a transfer is as yet visible on the horizon.
If a patent waiver is not immediately feasible, then the production of vaccines can still be expanded through compulsory licensing, for which there is a provision under the WTO in cases of “national emergency”; and the current situation eminently qualifies as a “national emergency”. Chapter XVI of the Indian Patents Act which was amended to make it “TRIPS-compatible” provides for compulsory licensing.
The argument for compulsory licensing is exactly the same as for the patent-waiver, namely that in a “national emergency” when vaccine output needs to be expanded rapidly, the world cannot wait for the original patentees to meet its needs in their own sweet time. And yet there is much opposition to compulsory licensing not only among the drug multinationals and the governments of advanced capitalist countries backing them, but also among several institutions and individuals otherwise supportive of a patent-waiver. Curiously the Indian government which, along with South Africa, had asked for a patent-waiver, has also turned down any plans for compulsory licensing, with its so-called “think tank” Niti Aayog publicly vetoing the idea.
Why this should be so remains a mystery. The fear of offending drug multinationals and the advanced country governments that stand behind these multinationals, through undertaking a unilateral action (for that is what compulsory licensing amounts to) may explain the reluctance of the Modi government; what it amounts to however is the loss of thousands more of lives. The pusillanimity of the Modi government is particularly striking because vaccine stocks in the capital city Delhi have been depleted for two weeks now (June 7).
No pious pronouncements about international cooperation or about the need for universal vaccination will carry any conviction unless there is a simultaneous demand for either an immediate patent waiver or for compulsory licensing in its absence. This is because what is involved here is a matter of basic principle: does the right to life of an Indian or an African or a Latin American matter any less than that of a European or an American? Any international cooperation must be based on the fundamental assumption that the life of a person from a poor country is as precious as that of a person from a rich country; to ask for international cooperation while denying this assumption amounts to sheer chicanery.
True, any government has a right to prioritise the lives of its own citizens before it meets any international obligations. But for advanced country governments today it is not a question really of the lives of their own citizens versus the lives of citizens of other countries; the lives of one set of people are being pitted against the lives of another because of the overall shortage of vaccines which is an artificial shortage caused by the need to protect private property-rights. It is this protection that prevents an increase in vaccine output. It is in short not a question of people versus people, but one of people versus profits.
The remarkable thing is that the people in advanced countries understand this. A vast majority of them are actually in favour of a temporary waiver of patent-rights on vaccines. It is the governments, especially in Europe, that are opposing it, which only underscores the proposition that while governments are concerned with protecting class interests (and the property rights associated with them), it is the people who are the carriers of international solidarity.
(Prabhat Patnaik is Professor Emeritus at the Centre for Economic Studies and Planning, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.)
❈ ❈ ❈
AIPSN Statement Urges Govt to Expand Public and Private Sector COVID-19 Vaccine Production
Newsclick Report
The All India Peoples’ Science Network (AIPSN) has released a statement demanding the urgent expansion of public and private sector production to meet the country’s vaccine requirements to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. The statement, released on May 27, also urges the expansion of vaccine related research and development at the earliest.
Keeping in view the current population in India, which is 130 crore, the number of vaccines required to vaccinate the entire population would be about 310 crore doses, allowing about 15% process losses, notes the statement. Further, for the 18+ population alone, India would require 218.5 crore vaccine doses, which is presently a distant dream, with production limited to only two domestic vaccine manufacturers – Bharat Biotech (which produces Covaxin) and the Serum Institute of India (that produces Covishield).
The statement highlights that this is despite the fact that India has been a pioneer in large-scale vaccine production even before the current pandemic and a major exporter of vaccines. However, “India, now, has a number of public and private sector units that can make a contribution to the expansion of local production of vaccines”.
The statement has been endorsed by 214 eminent citizens, scientists, doctors and academicians including T Sundararaman of the People’s Health Movement, Satyajit Rath of IISER Pune, D Raghunandan of the Delhi Science Forum, Tejal Kanitkar of NIAS Bengaluru, Prabir Purkayastha of Free Software Movement, Prof Archana Prasad, Partha Majumder of the National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Scientist Soma Marla of ICAR NIPGR New Delhi, Ranbir Singh Dahiya of the Haryana Gyan Vigyan Samiti, Jyotshna Jha of the Centre for Budget and Policy Studies, Biswajit Dhar from JNU, scientist Gauhar Raza, among others.
According to the statement, since the technology for Covaxin is “fully home grown, through collaboration between BB and the National Institute of Virology (NIV), a public sector R&D institute under the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), which is an agency of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare”, the central government is entitled to make use of march-in-rights available to supporting government entities, as tacitly accepted by BB in extending technology transfer to three public-sector vaccine units.
Criticising the government’s current vaccine policy, the statement notes that India has neglected its public sector units, because of which 90% of India’s vaccines today are sourced from the private sector as opposed to “80% of vaccines for the Universal Immunisation Programme being sourced from the public sector in the 2000s”. Meanwhile, the statement cites, countries like Brazil, Cuba and China are using public sector companies and institutes to undertake integrated R&D and production operations to vaccinate their populations and export to developing countries to meet their requirements.
The public sector has also been left out from receiving funding from the government, in contrast to the private sector, the statement said. It added that even though the Serum Institute “cannot by itself transfer technologies since it is itself making Covishield under license from AstraZeneca, it can certainly be nudged to sub-contract work to other units”.
Keeping in view that India has a large number of old as well as new facilities equipped with appropriate modern infrastructure, the central and state governments can make full use of all these facilities to expand local production of COVID-19 vaccines.
The AIPSN statement notes that there are 11 public sector units presently in India, some of which are almost ready for production. For example, the Integrated Vaccine Complex at Chengalpattu, whose construction was completed as recently as 2016, needs just Rs 100 crore and some handholding to start the domestic production of COVID-19 vaccines.
Similarly, other private sector units can also contribute to the domestic production of COVID-19 vaccines. Further, companies that manufacture biologics have the capacity to be repurposed for manufacture of vaccines. For instance, the statement highlights, Dr Reddy’s Lab and at least five biologics have teamed up with Russia to procure Sputnik V vaccines in the country. According to AIPSN, there are nearly 30 such units which can be put to use for vaccine production.
Through such expansion of vaccine manufacturing, AIPSN states, not only can India meet its domestic requirement but also the international obligations “to which India, in particular SII, is committed having also accepted advance payments”.
The AIPSN therefore, suggests the following steps to be adopted with immediate effect in order to improve the COVID-19 vaccination policy in the country:
1. The existing public sector undertakings and state owned enterprises be revived and assisted to ramp up vaccine production.
2. The use of the Integrated Vaccine Complex at Chengalpattu be handed over to TamilNadu Government with clear provisions allowing the state governments, public sector undertakings and state owned enterprises for contractual manufacturing of Covid vaccines using the facility.
3. Compulsory licenses or appropriate legislation be issued where required to enable interested parties for production of COVID 19 vaccines.
4. The conventionally used march-in-rights available to the Govt of India/ICMR be used to ensure technology transfer and handholding by Bharat Biotech to PSUs, SOEs and other Units to enable them produce vaccines for domestic use.
5. Indian companies that are planning to manufacture Sputnik V be assisted, as required, for scaling up.
6. SII, AstraZeneca and Novavax be persuaded to expand manufacturing in India through joint ventures or other collaborations with suitable public and private sector entities both for domestic use and export especially for the Covax facility.
7. Research on new vaccine development strategies and development of multiple vaccines be enabled and encouraged across research laboratories, public sector and private sector institutions. Genomic surveillance be increased appreciably and linked to viral efficacy and epidemiological studies, so that vaccines are constantly checked for efficacy against variants of concern enabling collaborative modification across manufacturers, as required, especially in view of emerging variants and for different demographics such as children.
